against all odds
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Keynes Einwand ist natürlich völlig richtig und mit seinen Programmen zielt er dann auch darauf ab, genau diese Schmerzen der verzögerten Anpassung zu vermeiden.
Anders als bei Mises beschränkt sich sein Einwand jedoch auf die verzögerte Anpassung.
Dass in der Größe der Geldmenge insgesamt ein Problem bestehen kann, das zu Blasen und Bustzyklen führt, sieht er anders als Mises, genau so wenig wie die Neoklassiker.
Eben nicht: Bleibt der Staat in seiner Funktion des antizyklischen Counterparts und geht recessiv ins Deficit, ermöglicht er genau dadurch die strukturelle Anpassung. Kommt er dieser Funktion aus ideologischen Gründen nicht nach, wie es zu Beginn der GD in den US der Fall war, ist das Ergebnis nicht 'schmerzhafte Anpassung', sondern Destruktion. Denn auch im Prinzip 'gesunde' Industriesektoren sind in einer deflationären Abwärtsspirale nicht mehr zu halten, wenn die Nachfrage implodiert...
Eben nicht: Bomm & Bust spiegeln sich im Money Supply, werden also nicht durch diesen erzeugt.'The dominant form of money in today’s monetary system is bank deposits. Bank deposits are created when banks make loans. And banks make loans when creditworthy customers have demand for loans. So the USA has a money supply that is “endogenous” and elastic. That is, the money supply is determined by the amount of new lending that is done and it’s elastic in that it can expand and contract (repayment of loans destroys deposits).
Endogenous money means the money supply is mostly created endogenously as credit. This means that private banks are the primary issuers of money and do so based on the demand from creditworthy customers. So the central bank has far less control over the money supply than one might presume if they learned the money multiplier theory. This is the central point in understanding endogenous money
The intellectual response to the Great Depression is often portrayed as a battle between the ideas of Friedrich Hayek and John Maynard Keynes. Yet both the Austrian and the Keynesian interpretations of the Depression were incomplete. Austrians could explain how a country might get into a depression (bust following a credit-fueled investment boom) but not how to get out of one (liquidation). Keynesians could explain how a country might get out of a depression (government spending on public works) but not how it got into one (animal spirits). By contrast, the monetary approach of Gustav Cassel has been ignored. As early as 1920, Cassel warned that mismanagement of the gold standard could lead to a severe depression. Cassel not only explained how this could occur, but his explanation anticipates the way that scholars today describe how the Great Depression actually occurred. Unlike Keynes or Hayek, Cassel analyzed both how a country could get into a depression (deflation due to tight monetary policies) and how it could get out of one (monetary expansion).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jmcb.12102/full
Ich bin noch Long Euo Stoxx und habe eine kleine Posi AUD/USD mit Gewinn verkauft habe vorhin noch eine kleine Posi Silber long gekauft. Die Darstellung von Theshortside bezüglich der Vola bei Silber hat mich dazu animiert.
Allerdings ist auch dies kurzfristig gedacht. Strategisch Short würde ich mich jetzt nicht trauen.
Sehr schöne Kritik des OMT-Urteil aus postkeynesian Sicht. In http://www.forbes.com/sites/francescoppola/2014/...s-the-euro-stupid/
'..The question of the legality of OMT has been a running sore ever since it was first mooted in August 2012. The ECB has clearly stated that it regards OMT, or rather the threat of OMT, to be part of its monetary policy toolkit. It has nothing whatsoever to do with bailing out Eurozone sovereigns, although that may be an incidental effect. It’s all about the Euro.
The ECB’s mandate is first and foremost to protect the Euro. Those who insist that the ECB’s mandate is solely to ensure price stability are talking gobbledegook. The ECB only has jurisdiction over monetary policy in those EU countries that use the Euro: others, such as the UK, manage their own monetary policy. Without the Euro, the ECB has no purpose. Therefore the first and most important function of the ECB is to preserve the Euro. Price stability is a secondary objective: it can only be a primary objective when the Euro’s future is secure, which it certainly is not when sovereign bond yields in major periphery countries are heading for the moon and people are talking about Euro breakup. The threat of OMT is currently keeping Italian and Spanish bond yields under control and the Euro stable. But if it were removed, the Euro could come under pressure again. It is worth remembering the fate of the Euro’s predecessor the Exchange Rate Mechanism.
But there are still too many people around who don’t get it. So here is Germany’s perennial hawk, Hans Werner Sinn, insisting that periphery interest rates should be allowed to soar because it is good for them:
Interest-rate premiums are the main mechanism by which excessive debt in the eurozone can be avoided. If states borrow too much, the probability that they will be able to repay falls, and creditors demand higher interest rates in exchange. This, in turn, reduces their inclination to borrow.
The economic crisis in southern Europe stemmed from an inflationary credit bubble that resulted from the absence of interest-rate premiums, and that robbed the afflicted countries of their competitiveness. Interest-rate differentials – including premiums reflecting the heightened risk of a eurozone exit and exchange-rate realignment to reestablish competitiveness – are crucial for the monetary union’s long-term existence, stability, and allocative efficiency.
This is dangerous nonsense. Interest rates spiraling out of control in periphery countries threatened to destroy the monetary union in 2012 and could very easily do so again. The long-term survival of the Euro project depends on interest rate differentials being kept under control in the short-term – which is the purpose of OMT.
I am no fan of ECB policy, or indeed of the Euro. I think the Euro project is deeply flawed because of the evident lack of economic convergence between member states and the absence of (indeed opposition to) fiscal union. I have been severely critical of the tight money policies that triggered the Greek debt crisis and caused outright deflation in parts of the periphery. But undermining the ECB leadership and using legal action to restrict use of ECB resources is frankly stupid. It’s an open invitation to speculators to test the real ability of the ECB to defend the Euro – and I have no doubt they would accept that invitation.
So I hope the ECJ throws out the German action and confirms the right of the ECB to operate monetary policy in any way it sees fit in the interests of preserving the Euro. Any other judgement would be insane. Disorderly breakup of the Euro would send a shock wave around the world that would make the 2012 Eurozone crisis look like a walk in the park. Sinn and his allies are playing with fire.
Germany 'exporting' old and sick to foreign care homes
Pensioners are being sent to care homes in eastern Europe and Asia in an austerity move dismissed as 'inhumane deportation'
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/26/...ly-foreign-care-homes
(ps ps kann Dich nicht bewerten, Learner- also 25 x grün für die letzten Beiträge)
For the week ended 02/12/2014 ExETFs - All Equity funds report net inflows totaling $3.335 billion, with Domestic Equity funds reporting net inflows of $1.657 billion and Non-Domestic Equity funds reporting net inflows of $1.679 billion...
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA 22030
Abstract
In contrast to standard textbook renderings of an exogenous money supply and money multiplier, Post Keynesian economists contend that money supply is statistically endogenous to the demand for credit. Empirical evidence based on analysis of monthly U.S. data from 1971 to 2008 substantiates the endogenous money hypothesis. Results from Toda and Yamamoto Granger-causality tests demonstrate unidirectional Granger-causality from commercial bank lending to the monetary base and money supply. Bidirectional Granger-causality between money supply and nominal income also exists. These results are relatively robust to variations in monetary aggregates, such as broader measures (e.g. M3 and M4) and weighted-average indexing (e.g. Divisia).
Key
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2355178
Using a novel empirical approach and an extensive dataset developed by the Fiscal Affairs
Department of the IMF, we find no evidence of any particular debt threshold above which
medium-term growth prospects are dramatically compromised. Furthermore, we find the
debt trajectory can be as important as the debt level in understanding future growth
prospects, since countries with high but declining debt appear to grow equally as fast as
countries with lower debt. Notwithstanding this, we find some evidence that higher debt is
associated with a higher degree of output volatility.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp1434.pdf
Praktisch gesehen widerspricht die Neutralität des Geldes der empirischen Evidenz, insofern an den Extremen severe Deflation und Hyperinflation deutlich wird, dass krasse Veränderungen im Preisgefüge destruktive Rückwirkungen auf die Sphäre der realen Produktion und Consumtion haben. Deflation entsteht dabei verkürzt durch eine private Kreditaufnahme unterhalb des Produktionspotentials, Inflation wenn sie dieses überschreitet - die umlaufende Geldmenge damit als Resultat, nicht Voraussetzung...
Objektive Funktion der Fiskalpolitik (und nicht der Geldpolitik) ist es, inflationäre Tedenzen durch Taxation und Spending Cuts zu limitieren, deflationäre Tendenzen entsprechend umgekehrt. Versagt hier die Ficalpolitik, kann es zur Entgleisung kommen - mit dramatischen Folgen, wie die Historie zeigt...
Ideologisch fundiert die Neutralitäts-Theorie bekanntlich den Monetarismus. Krisen in 'Liquidität zu ersaufen' ist - in der Fehlannahme, es handle sich allein um ein Liquiditätsproblem - auf ihrem Mist gewachsen und hat mit echtem Keynes nichts zu tun. Nicht zufällig stammt die Helikopter-Story von Friedman, darüber die masslose Überschätzung der Geldpolitik a'la Bernanke, die von seinen Kritikern allerdings negativ geteilt wird (das Geheimnis ihrer relativen Wirkung, wie weiter oben angesprochen). ..